China’s advanced mast technology could give Fujian aircraft carrier the edge over USS Gerald R. Ford | South China Morning Post
China’s third and newest aircraft carrier, the Fujian, has yet to undergo sea trials but its design details – including an advanced “all in one” mast – are gradually being revealed.
The Fujian’s much talked about electromagnetic plane catapults were seen on state television for the first time early this month, showing that it has one less launch track than the USS Gerald R. Ford – the only other aircraft carrier in the world equipped with the technology.
The US Navy’s newest aircraft carrier is also bigger than the Fujian and nuclear-powered, while the Fujian relies on conventional power.
But there is another point of difference: their masts.
China airs footage of Fujian aircraft carrier featuring advanced catapult launch system
The Ford’s “island” – or command centre – has a towering mast with an array of antennas and sensors. However, those antennas go almost unseen on the Fujian.
Its island is enclosed in a grey composite material, a minimalist design seen in many of the Chinese navy’s latest warships, including the Type 055 destroyer.
The principles and innovations behind this “multifunctional integrated electronic mast” were recently unveiled in a paper by scientists from the Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology who were involved in developing the technology.
The team, led by engineering scientist Li Shengyan, believe this technology will have a significant impact on warfare in the future, according to their paper in Chinese journal Shipboard Electronic Countermeasure last month.
Their comparison of the Chinese and US masts suggests the Fujian system could be well ahead of the Ford’s.
Modern warship masts house antennas with three main functions – radar, electronic surveillance and electromagnetic suppression – that generally require antennas of different shapes.
On the Ford, the antennas gather signals that are synthesised and processed by a computer, using the first generation of electromagnetic sensor integration technology, according to the paper.
The antennas are exposed to the elements, making them vulnerable to weathering and performance degradation due to interference from other equipment.
This traditional mast configuration is also detrimental to electromagnetic stealth, making the ship visible to enemy weapon systems from a distance.
According to Li’s team, China has progressed to the second generation of electromagnetic integration technology.
It means a single antenna takes multiple roles – radar scanning, intercepting encrypted communications, and launching electronic warfare attacks such as jamming and suppression.
One antenna can be easily encased in the island and connected to a computer via a high-speed optical fibre, so the operator can adjust the equipment and perform tasks by touching a screen.
Li’s team from the Nanjing institute, which has a focus on military radar research, said there had been many challenges in developing the technology.
One was the huge volume of data generated by the highly integrated mast in a combat scenario – far more than a traditional antenna that mainly transmits in one direction.
An optical fibre that can transmit large bandwidths of data while maintaining stability in high-temperature and electromagnetic environments is needed to deal with that. There is also the challenge of processing that data in a timely fashion.
To address these issues, Chinese scientists and engineers working on this technology have used general-purpose CPUs and developed specialised chips – which can handle both electronic and optical signals – to expedite data processing.
The technology allows seemingly simple antennas to perform complex functions such as a jamming operation.
To do that, the system surveys the electromagnetic space around the ship, identifies high-threat targets then adjusts the antennas so they can intercept signals with high precision.
After analysis, a suppression signal is generated by computer and transmitted to the antenna array, which emits electromagnetic waves that form a highly focused beam to suppress the target.
“It is expected that in the near future, more equipment of this type will appear on shipborne or airborne platforms,” Li’s team wrote in the paper.
The current integrated antennas are multifunctional, but they can only handle one role at a time.
Li’s team said they hoped to create an antenna array that can simultaneously perform radar scanning, signal interception and electromagnetic suppression, but noted there were significant challenges to overcome.
Two decades ago, a concealed antenna integrated electromagnetic mast was used on the US Navy’s San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock in what was seen as an experiment.
A similar mast design was later used for the futuristic-looking Zumwalt-class destroyer, but it was reportedly deemed too expensive and unnecessary and traditional masts continue to be used for most US Navy vessels – including the USS John F. Kennedy aircraft carrier that is under construction.
For Navy Capt. Paul “Paulie” Lanzilotta, 140 feet makes a world of difference.
Lanzilotta, who took command of the Ford a little more than a year ago, told The War Zone Tuesday that the design greatly increases the efficiency of launching aircraft, but also presents some challenges as well.
The reason that extra real estate in front of the island superstructure is so valuable, said Lanzilotta, is because it allows more room for aircraft to line up and prepare to launch.
The Navy uses “cyclic flight operations to continue to generate sorties over many hours a day,” said Lanzilotta, speaking to The War Zone after wrapping up a panel on the history of aircraft carriers at the Sea Air Space symposium. “And we do that by launching the cycle and then recovering that cycle.”
It’s a very synchronous effort and if an aircraft has an equipment malfunction or some other problem that interferes with its ability to take off, such a pause on older carriers, where the islands are closer to the bow, can impede the process.
“If you're a little bit late, you need to troubleshoot, maybe it's just reset a system that's built into the aircraft, you reset the system and off you go, you can taxi to the catapult,” said Lanzilotta. “If you're parked after the island on the older ships, you need a break in the recovery in order to do that because everything we do happens very, very quickly, very efficiently.”
On the Ford, that extra 140 feet allows more efficient operations in the event of problems.
“So on my ship? Less likely that you're going to need that break and a lot more likely that I can refuel you and rearm you more efficiently. It’s based on the design of where the island is plus the weapons elevators and the way we fuel aircraft.”
The new design, however, means less room to the aft.
Lanzilotta does not see that as much of a problem.
“I still have room back there to park aircraft. Fly helicopters back aft of the island when we want to work and park airplanes back there.”
Another bonus with the new design, said Lanzilotta, is that the island is smaller overall.
“So if anything, I probably gained overall area on the flight deck,” he said.
There is, however, a minor downside to moving the island closer to the stern of the carrier, said Lanzilotta. “From a ship handling perspective, being further away from the bow kind of increases the shadow zone forward,” he said. This refers to the blindspot of sorts to the front of the ship that is exacerbated by how far the island is set back on the Ford class.
That’s a challenge that “we just manage, organically,” he said, “whether it's a sensor forward, to watchstanders that are forward, and additional assets that we naturally have with us all the time, like our helicopters, and our security boats and stuff like that... I’m amazed by how well we’re able to move in the narrow channel in San Diego Bay. It’s a great bay, but a busy one."
There’s another asset that Lanzilotta has at his command as well.
Nuclear power.
“Because the ship's nuclear powered, I can stop my ship very, very quickly,” he said. “And very smartly, where I've got plenty of power to handle the ship. If I want to accelerate, I can accelerate well. When we're in a restricted waters transit, and I've got long shadows in front of me, I know that I've got, well, a lot more power than I need to promptly stop.”
That comes in handy, he added, when boaters try something stupid.
“Sometimes there are mariners out there that aren’t very smart, and they think it's smart to cross the bow of an aircraft carrier in tight quarters,” he said. “And I don't know how great his engineering plant is, you know, if you're on a small sport fisherman or something like that, if you lose your diesels right in front of me, I need to be able to stop and I know I can.”
Sometime later this year, Lanzilotta will finally get a better idea of just how well the new island design will work on the carrier’s first operational cruise, and what, if any, challenges it will create.
“I think so,” he said when asked about whether the new island design will prove more efficient. “But when we deploy later in the year we're going to learn more and improve more. And that's an important mindset.”
When asked what lessons he anticipates learning during that deployment, Lanzilotta waxed philosophical.
“The sailors are smarter than most of us old guys,” he said. “You know, I've been doing this for 28 years. So I have my own predisposed notions of how things are going. I've got sailors that are younger, super-intelligent, and always thinking like ‘hey, why don't we do it like this?’ Or ‘let's try something like that.’ So that I'm gonna stay open-minded on it. So I don't drive the solution too much.”
Still, that doesn’t mean he doesn’t have questions about how things will go.
“I think maybe just you know, how fast can I go?” he pondered., “Not speed to the water, but how quickly can I generate sorties? What is our limiting factor? Can we work on that?“
Contact the author: Howard.Altman@recurrent.io
USS Gerald R. Ford – The Biggest Warship Ever Made
PEO Carriers: CVN-79 Will Have a New Radar, Save $180M Compared to Dual Band Radar - USNI News
WASHINGTON, D.C. — The aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79) will have a different radar than the USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78), bringing the new Enterprise Air Surveillance Radar (EASR) into the carrier fleet one ship earlier than planned and saving the program about $180 million, according to the Navy.
Program Executive Officer for Aircraft Carriers Rear Adm. Tom Moore said the new EASR was meant to enter the fleet in the amphibious assault ship LHA-8 and in USS Enterprise (CVN-80), but a series of events made the early introduction possible.
Ford has the Dual Band Radar (DBR) originally built for the truncated Zumwalt (DDG-1000) class of guided missile destroyer. When the Navy planned to build 27 destroyers, the cost of the DBR would have dropped sufficiently to make it a good fit for the carriers. But without that economy of scale, the carrier program had decided to seek a new radar for CVN-80 and beyond.
“I already have to procure a new radar for 80,” Moore told USNI News after a presentation at the Credit Suisse/McAleese 2016 Defense Programs Conference.
“80 is delivering in 2027. CVN-79, which really is not going to become operational until Nimitz
(CVN-68) leaves in 2025, is such a short gap, so I went back to the
warfare systems guys and said, hey, the radar that we’re looking at for
80 … is there an opportunity to pull that back a little bit to the left
and make it available for CVN-79?
As it turned out, LHA-8 needed a radar anyway, and the Pentagon had an ongoing effort called basically the Common Affordable Radar – if you want it to be affordable it’s got to be common – so both N98 and N95 and N96, the three resource sponsors, got together with the [Navy acquisition chief Sean Stackley’s] office and said, hey, let’s put a series of requirements together for a radar that would meet the needs of both the aircraft carrier and the big deck amphib.
“We had this working group, they came back to us probably late last summer and said it’s possible,” he continued.
“There are off-the-shelf systems, it’s not developmental, that will meet these requirements.”
Moore said the Program Executive Office for Integrated Warfare Systems would release a request for proposals (RfP) around May, with bids due back in late summer.
“We already know there are radars out there that meet the technical specs that we need, so introducing some competition here will drive cost down,” Moore said.
Whatever radar PEO IWS selects will be less capable than the DBR, which Moore said is fine – “a $500 million radar on an aircraft carrier is overkill at this point,” he said of DBR.
The radar selected for the carriers and amphibs will likely only have volume search capability and need a fire control complement to go with it. Moore said the Navy may use a SPQ-9 fire control system or something comparable.
He also noted that the Nimitz-class carriers’ AN/SPS-48 and AN-SPS-49 radars were becoming obsolete and could be replaced by the new EASR, meaning the new radar would fill three ship class’s requirements.
“From what PEO IWS tells me, it’s a very low technical-risk solution,” Moore said.
“I suspect it will be a robust competition”
The ability to bring in this new radar one ship early – creating a one-time savings of about $180 million, Moore said – was primarily due to the Navy’s decision to switch Kennedy’s construction schedule to a two-phased delivery.
“That gave me a little extra time. If I had to deliver CVN-79 in 2022
when it was originally designed, it wouldn’t have had the radar on it,”
Moore said.
“The two-phased strategy gives me the lowest possible cost for the ship, and the radar is a big piece of that.”
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Chinese lab simulates secret attack on US military: Report
A research paper published by the Chinese journal Shipboard Electronic Countermeasures in December provides concerning insight into China’s warfare advancements. The paper, published by scientist Liu Shichang, Science and Technology on Electronic Information Control Laboratory, details tests that were conducted to measure the effectiveness of radar-jamming satellites.
During the study, the laboratory simulated attacks on U.S. warships, deploying satellites to intercept and reflect missile detection radar signals back to the ship, the South China Morning Post reported. This allowed simulated hypersonic missiles to launch and strike the ships without detection.
The research documents the first successful trial of radar jamming attempts, primarily due to the inclusion of satellites to mask the missiles. Previous simulations that did not utilize satellites were unsuccessful, with deployed hypersonic missiles detected by U.S. warships before they could reach their target.
During the simulation, researchers worked on the premise that the target ship was utilizing a SPY-1D radar detection system. As hypersonic missiles are capable of flying above detection system range, satellites were utilized to suppress missile detection radars until the missiles reached a range where their own radar-jamming technology took over.
Researchers concluded that this utilization of low-flying satellite clusters would enable a warship to be disabled and destroyed with just three satellites. A network of 28 satellites, researchers proposed, would enable a global attack.
Liu wrote, “Commanding height has always been a pivotal tactic in war since ancient times. With the evolution of the concept of war and the advancement of technology, space has become a new commanding height fiercely contested by the world’s military powers.”
Emerging space-based threats are addressed in a 2023 Defense Department report entitled “Space Policy Review and Strategy on Protection of Satellites.”
“The PLA is developing, testing, and fielding capabilities intended to target U.S. and allied satellites, including electronic warfare to suppress or deceive enemy 3 equipment, ground-based laser systems that can disrupt, degrade, and damage satellite sensors, offensive cyberwarfare capabilities, and direct-ascent anti-satellite (DA-ASAT) missiles that can target satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO),” it states.
China’s secretive lab simulates hypersonic missile attack on US warship
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A secretive lab under the state-owned China Electronics Technology Group Corporation has conducted simulations on how US warships could be attacked using space weapons and hypersonic missiles and published a research paper about it, the South China Morning Post has reported.
Called the Science and Technology on Electronic Information Control Laboratory, the Chengdu-based institute works on electronic warfare equipment for the Chinese military. It has successfully simulated an attack where the People's Liberation Army (PLA) catches a US warship off guard using a combination of electronic warfare and new-age hypersonic missiles.
This is one of many laboratories that have conducted such exercises. According to SCMP's report, the researchers attempted to overwhelm an American naval fleet with a barrage of hypersonic missiles in a simulation conducted by the North University of China last year. Space weapons were not used in this simulation, and the US detected the Chinese missiles at launch.
How does the US detect missiles fired?
The researchers based their simulation on the US military using the SPY-1D radar. Built by Lockheed Martin, the Arleigh Burke-class destroyers mainly use the radar to detect long-range anti-ship missiles.
This series of radars has been operational since the 1970s, allowing China to learn about its capabilities. The laboratory's researchers, however, claimed in a research paper that two satellites could be used to suppress the radar from different angles, creating "false alerts" and misleading the ships.
Interesting Engineering has previously reported that electronic warfare is important in strategies to counter adversaries. However, much of this technology deployment has been used in local environments. Switching to a space-based deployment strategy allows the technology to be deployed globally and over a greater combat range.
How China could surprise US fleet
In its simulation, the laboratory researchers assumed that together with its warplanes, the combat range of a US aircraft carrier was 620 miles (1,000 km). However, the Chinese military could fire its hypersonic missiles from 745 miles (1,200 km) away and set its satellites into action.
The hypersonic missiles would head skyward for over 124 miles (200 km). At the same time, the satellite's electronic warfare systems present over the US carriers keep suppressing their detection through radar.
In the next minutes, the hypersonic missiles would have covered the distance from their launch site and would be within striking distance (30 miles, 50 km) from the ships. Here, the satellites would complete their mission, and jammers on the missiles would take over. Using terminal maneuvers, the missiles successfully took out their targets in the simulation.
According to the researchers, merely three satellites in low Earth orbit would be sufficient to carry out such an attack, whereas 28 such satellites would be sufficient to carry out a global strike.
Since these satellites are in lower orbits, they require less sensitive receivers and transmitter power. The signals the satellites generate are only required to crowd out the noise from reflections of launched hypersonic missiles. Since the satellites are only a few hundred kilometers away, the signal loss is also minimal.
The laboratory did not provide details on platforms that could be used to launch the hypersonic missiles or which hypersonic missile could be used for such a simulation. The US has plenty to worry about since it plans to use the SPY-1D radar until 2060, the SCMP report added.
Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology (NRIET)
The Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology (NRIET) is a
Chinese research institute specializing in electronics and radar
technology. It is located in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China.
Brief History:
- Founded in 1949 as the No. 12 Radio Factory of the Ministry of National Defense.
- Played a key role in China's early radar development programs.
- Became part of the China Electronics Technology Group Corporation (CETC) in 1998.
Main areas of research:
- Radar systems
- Airborne electronics
- Electronic countermeasures
- C3I systems (command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence)
- Electronic warfare
Products:
- Airborne radars
- Shipborne radars
- Ground radars
- Electronic countermeasures systems
- C3I systems
Controversies:
- NRIET has been accused of involvement in the development of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons.
- The institute has also been sanctioned by the United States government for its alleged involvement in the proliferation of sensitive technologies.
Overall, the Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology is a major player in China's electronics and radar industry. However, its activities have been shrouded in secrecy and controversy.
China Electronics Technology Group Corporation
unitracker.aspi.org.auChina Electronics Technology Group Corporation (CETC) is designated very high risk for being China’s leading military electronics manufacturer.
CETC is a state-owned defence conglomerate that specialises in dual-use electronics.https://web.archive.org/web/20190428010333/http://www.cetc.com.cn/zgdzkj/_300891/_300895/index.html The company was established in 2002 by bringing dozens of research institutes administered by the Ministry of Information Industry, the predecessor to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, under one umbrella.
CETC is one of the world’s largest defence companies. It claims to have 523 subordinate units and companies and 160,000 employees.https://web.archive.org/web/20190428010333/http://www.cetc.com.cn/zgdzkj/_300891/_300895/index.html
CETC divides its defence electronics products into seven categories:
- air base early warning,
- integrated electronic information systems,
- radar,
- communication and navigation,
- electronic warfare,
- UAVs
- integrated IFF (identification, friend or foe)
CETC also provides technology used for human rights abuses in Xinjiang, where approximately 1.5m are held in re-education camps.https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/05/01/chinas-algorithms-repression/reverse-engineering-xinjiang-police-mass-surveillance ; https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-16/australian-unis-to-review-links-to-chinese-surveillance-tech/11309598
Several CETC research institutes and subsidiaries have been added to the US Government’s entity list, restricting exports to them on national security grounds. CETC has been implicated by the US Department of Justice in at least three cases of illegal exports.https://web.archive.org/web/20190802040629/https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/boston/press-releases/2010/bs051710-1.htm ; https://web.archive.org/web/20190408035234/https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/losangeles/press-releases/2010/la101510-1.htm ; https://web.archive.org/web/20190802041102/https://www.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.699035/gov.uscourts.cacd.699035.1.0.pdf ； https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/electrical-engineer-convicted-conspiring-illegally-export-china-semiconductor-chips-missile
CETC has a large international market and has also expanded its international research collaboration in recent years. It has a European headquarters in Graz, Austria, and has invested in the University of Technology Sydney.https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/company/china-electronics-technology-group-(cetc)
Economic espionage and misconduct
- In May 2010, two Chinese nationals were convicted of illegally exporting military electronics used in radar and electronic warfare. Some of their main customers were research institutes of CETC.https://web.archive.org/web/20190802040629/https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/boston/press-releases/2010/bs051710-1.htm
- In October 2010, two individuals – one a US citizen, one a PRC citizen – were charged with conspiring to export sensitive technology to China. The pair ran a company that entered a contract with CETC’s 24th Research Institute to design and transfer to China technology for high-performance analog-to-digital converters that would match those produced by US manufacturers. Such technology has military applications and is subject to export controls.https://web.archive.org/web/20190408035234/https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/losangeles/press-releases/2010/la101510-1.htm The pair settled with the US Bureau of Industry and Security in 2012 and agreed to accept audits of its export compliance program and attend export compliance training.https://web.archive.org/web/20190802062241/http://www.wttlonline.com/ht/a/GetDocumentAction/i/49245
- In 2019, electrical engineer Yi-Chi Shih was convicted of conspiring to illegally export to China semiconductor chips with applications in missile guidance systems. Shih ran a company called Chengdu GaStone Technology Company (CGTC), which was placed on the Entity List in 2014 because ‘it had been involved in the illicit procurement of commodities and items for unauthorized military end used in China’.https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/electrical-engineer-convicted-conspiring-illegally-export-china-semiconductor-chips-missile A company co-located and affiliated with CGTC was a joint venture between one of CGTC’s partner companies and CETC’s 29th Research Institute.https://web.archive.org/web/20190802041102/https://www.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.699035/gov.uscourts.cacd.699035.1.0.pdf
Noteworthy international collaborations
ASPI ICPC’s Mapping China’s Tech Giants project mapped out much of CETC’s overseas presence.
In April 2017, a joint centre for advanced science and technology research funded by CETC was launched at the University of Technology Sydney (UTS).https://www.uts.edu.au/about/faculty-engineering-and-information-technology/news/joint-iet-research-centre-china CETC is providing the centre with up to AUD 20 million over 5 years and the centre is managed by representatives of both UTS and CETC.https://www.uts.edu.au/about/faculty-engineering-and-information-technology/news/new-joint-iet-research-centre-cetc The UTS research centre may be funded by CETC’s 54th research institute, which is involved in research on telecommunications, underwater acoustic sensors, satellite tracking, jamming military communications, intelligence and reconnaissance technology, and unmanned systems.https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/jun/03/csiro-cooperation-with-chinese-defence-contractor-should-raise-questions CETC’s 54th Research Institute has been a funder of UTS’s Global Big Data Technology Centre since 2015. In 2018 CETC funded a research project at UTS on public security online video retrieval systems.https://web.archive.org/web/20180324134212/https:/web-tools.uts.edu.au/projects/detail.cfm?ProjectId=PRO18-5157
The controversial UTS-CETC partnership has attracted continuous media attention.https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/australian-taxes-may-help-finance-chinese-military-capability/news-story/6aa9780c6a907b24993d006ef25f9654 ; https://www.afr.com/news/world/asia/australian-universities-helping-china-to-modernise-its-military-20180627-h11y4s ; https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/dec/16/calls-for-regulation-of-universities-partnering-with-military-linked-foreign-companies ; https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/jun/03/csiro-cooperation-with-chinese-defence-contractor-should-raise-questions ; https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/sep/19/faustian-bargain-defence-fears-over-australian-universitys-100m-china-partnership
A 2019 investigation by the Australian Broadcasting Company’s Four
Corners program drew attention to CETC’s role in monitoring Uyghurs in
China. This led UTS to announce an internal review into its partnership
with CETC.https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-16/australian-unis-to-review-links-to-chinese-surveillance-tech/11309598
CETC is actively building a presence in Austria. In 2015, CETC and
Technical University Graz (TU Graz) established the Sino-Austrian
Electronic Technology Innovation Centre (SAETIC).https://web.archive.org/web/20181107004217/http:/www.jiaxing.gov.cn/wzbjb/zyxx_36070/201505/t20150523_494436.html
The year after SAETIC was established, CETC set up an R&D centre
and its European headquarters in Graz — reportedly its first office
outside Asia.https://austria-forum.org/af/Wissenssammlungen/Essays/Berichte_von_Unternehmen/CETC
An Austrian media report on CETC’s European headquarters states that
its cooperation with companies and universities in Graz focuses on
“security technology and business intelligence.”https://derstandard.at/2000046840868/Chinesischer-IT-Konzern-richtet-Europazentrale-in-Graz-ein
End-user lists
Numerous CETC research institutes and companies feature in the US BIS Entity List:
- CETC 7th Research Institutehttps://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/08/27/2020-18909/addition-of-entities-to-the-entity-list-and-revision-of-entries-on-the-entity-list
- Guangzhou Hongyu Technology Co., Ltd. (a subordinate institute of CETC-7)
- Guangzhou Tongguang Communication Technology Co., Ltd. (a subordinate institute of CETC-7)
- CETC 10th Research Institute
- Aka Southwest Institute of Electronic Technology (中国西南电子技术研究所)
- CETC 11th Research Institute
- Aka North China Research Institute of Electro-optics (华北光电技术研究所)https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041707/http://www.coema.org.cn/news/article/1/2/5/2006/20060816002.html
- Beijing Opto-Electronics Technology Company (北京奥依特科技有限责任公司)
- Part of CETC 11th Research Institutehttps://web.archive.org/web/20130112041707/http://www.coema.org.cn/news/article/1/2/5/2006/20060816002.html
- CETC 13th Research Institute
- Aka Hebei Semiconductor Research Institute (河北半导体研究所)
- CETC 14th Research Institute
- Aka Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology (南京电子技术研究所)
- CETC 20th Research Institute
- Aka Xi’an Research Institute of Navigation Technology (西安导航技术研究所)
- CETC 29th Research Institute
- Aka Southwest Electronic Equipment Research Institute (西南电子设备研究所)
- CETC 30th Research Institutehttps://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/08/27/2020-18909/addition-of-entities-to-the-entity-list-and-revision-of-entries-on-the-entity-list
- CETC 38th Research Institute
- Aka East China Research Institute of Electronic Engineering (华东电子工程研究所)
- CETC 54th Research Institute
- Aka 54th Research Institute of China https://web.archive.org/web/20190802045758/https://jobs.51job.com/all/co3921029.html
- Aka Communication, Telemetry and Telecontrol Research Institute or Shijiazhuang Communications Laboratory (石家庄通信测控技术研究所)
- Hebei Far East Communication System Engineering (河北远东通信系统工程有限公司)
- part of CETC 54th Research Institutehttps://web.archive.org/web/20190802043024/http://www.yingjiesheng.com/job-000-682-302.html
- CETC 55th Research Institute
- Aka Nanjing Electronics Devices Institute or Nanjing Electronic Instruments Research Institute (南京电子器件研究所)
Three CETC research institutes are in Japan’s End-user List for their roles in the development of missiles:
- CETC 10th Research Institute
- Aka Southwest Institute of Electronic Technology (中国西南电子技术研究所)
- CETC 20th Research Institute
- Aka Xi’an Research Institute of Navigation Technology (西安导航技术研究所)
- CETC 54th Research Institute
- Aka Communication, Telemetry and Telecontrol Research Institute or Shijiazhuang Communication Observation and Control Technology Institute (石家庄通信测控研究所)
Last updated 31 August 2020. Unclear about any wording? Visit the terminology page.
China Electronics Technology Group Corporation (CETC) is designated very high risk for being China’s leading military electronics manufacturer.
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